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Hindu calendar is a collective name for most of the luni-sidereal calendars and sidereal calendars traditionally used in Hinduism. The Hindu calendars have undergone many changes in the process of regionalization. Some of the more prominent regional Hindu calendars include the Nepali calendar, Punjabi calendar, Bengali calendar, Malayalam calendar, Tamil calendar, Vikrama Samvat used in Northern India, and Shalivahana calendar in the Deccan States of Karnataka, Telangana, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.〔Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb. (2014). (Time, Space and Social Change in Rural Pakistan: An Ethnographic Study of Jhokwala Village, Lodhran District ). PhD thesis. Durham University.〕 The common feature of many regional Hindu calendars is that the names of the twelve months are the same (because the names are based in Sanskrit). The month which starts the year also varies from region to region. It is now 2059. The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. Most of the Hindu calendars derived from Gupta era astronomy as developed by Āryabhaṭa and Varāhamihira in the 5th to 6th century. These in turn were based in the astronomical tradition of ''Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa'', which in the preceding centuries had been standardized in a number of (non-extant) works known as ''Sūrya Siddhānta''. Regional diversification took place in the medieval period. The astronomical foundations were further developed in the medieval period, notably by Bhāskara II (12th century). Differences and regional variations abound in these computations, but the following is a general overview of the Hindu lunisolar calendar. The Indian national calendar or "Saka calendar" was introduced in 1957 based on the traditional Hindu calendars. ==Day== In the Hindu calendar, the day starts with the sunrise. It is allotted five "''properties''" or "''limbs''", called ''aṅgas''. They are: # the Tithi (one of 30 divisions of a synodic month) active at sunrise # the Vāsara (ancient nomeclature), vāra (modern nomeclature), like in ''ravi-vāra'', ''somā-vāra'', etc. or weekday # the Nakṣatra (one of 27 divisions of the celestial ecliptic) in which the moon resides at sunrise # the Yoga (one of 27 divisions based on the ecliptic longitude of the sun and moon) active at sunrise time # the Karaṇa (divisions based on tithis) active at sunrise. Together 5 limbs or properties are labelled under as the ''pañcāṅgas'' (Sanskrit: ''pañca'' = five). An explanation of the terms follows. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hindu calendar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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